Pins matching tag:Science

John Murray issues the first edition of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection from 50 Albemarle Street in London. The print run of 1,250 copies is taken up by the trade on the day of publication.

Dmitri Mendeleev's paper The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements is read to the Russian Chemical Society in St Petersburg, arranging the known elements by atomic weight and valence and leaving gaps for elements not yet found.

Marie and Pierre Curie announce radium to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, five days after isolating it from pitchblende ore mined at Jachymov. It is the second element they identify that year, after polonium.

Albert Einstein reads The Field Equations of Gravitation to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, giving general relativity its final form after an inconsistency with observation sent him back to the drawing board.

Arthur Eddington presents the results of the May 1919 eclipse expeditions to Principe and Sobral at a joint session of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society at Burlington House. The measured deflection of starlight matches Einstein's prediction, and the meeting accepts it.

Alan Turing submits "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" to the London Mathematical Society. It defines the abstract machine that became the model for every computer built since, and proves the Entscheidungsproblem undecidable.

Claude Shannon's paper appears in the Bell System Technical Journal, defining the bit, channel capacity and entropy, and founding information theory. Every modem, codec and error-correcting code since rests on it.

Nature carries Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, the paper in which Francis Crick and James Watson describe the double helix. It runs to two pages and settles how genetic instructions are held and passed on.

At Ann Arbor, Thomas Francis Jr announced the results of the largest medical field trial ever run - 1.8 million children - and pronounced Jonas Salk's polio vaccine safe, effective and potent. Church bells rang across the United States; within two years American cases had fallen by almost 90 per cent.

Georges Köhler and César Milstein report in Nature that fusing an antibody-producing cell with a myeloma cell yields a line that secretes a single antibody indefinitely. Monoclonal antibodies become the basis of the modern biologics industry.

The Roslin Institute reveals that a Finn-Dorset lamb born the previous July was cloned from an adult mammary-gland cell by somatic cell nuclear transfer - the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell.

Digging for Istanbul's Marmaray rail tunnel at Yenikapı, workers strike the silted-up remains of the Theodosian Harbor, a Byzantine-era port that would go on to yield 37 shipwrecks and roughly 100,000 artifacts.

At a seminar at CERN, the ATLAS and CMS experiments each report a new boson at around 125-126 GeV at five sigma, independently and from the same data-taking runs. It is the last unverified piece of the Standard Model.

At a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announce GW150914, a signal from the merger of two black holes recorded by both LIGO detectors on 14 September 2015 - the first direct observation of gravitational waves.

KONE finished renovating its underground elevator testing facility inside a Finnish limestone mine, extending its shafts to the world's deepest for free-fall and speed testing.

For many years, physicists have been aware of the existence of this doubly charmed particle because of current physical theories. However, nobody has been successful in observing the particle and it is only now that the baryon with two heavy quarks has been distinctively detected. Known as Ξcc++(Xicc++), this new particle is almost four times heavier than a proton.

Nature publishes Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold, alongside open-source code and a database of predicted proteomes. Protein structure prediction stops being a bottleneck for drug discovery.

Crews finished carving three enormous caverns a mile beneath a former South Dakota gold mine to house the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment.

A University of Miami-led study using satellite radar found dozens of Miami high-rises, including some under construction, are subsiding by millimetres a year.

Crews finished excavating the huge cavern in a Japanese mountain that will house the Hyper-Kamiokande neutrino observatory, a step toward the detector's planned start of observations.

People on the top 12 mg dose of Lilly's triple-hormone shot retatrutide lost an average of 28.3% of their body weight (70.3 lbs) over 80 weeks, and 30.3% by two years in the extension - weight loss at the level of bariatric surgery.

DOE's Lux AI cluster, built by HPE with more than 4,000 AMD MI355X GPUs, was delivered to ORNL's leadership computing facility, starting installation of the first dedicated AI system for the Genesis Mission.

An open-source orchestration layer added to NVIDIA's CUDA-Q lets researchers model error-correction codes, algorithms and qubit hardware together; Fermilab cut fault-tolerant design work from five months to three weeks with it.

Anthropic confirmed it operates a wet biology lab in the Bay Area where its models can run physical experiments, its head of life sciences Eric Kauderer-Abrams saying the company is doing real lab work today. Anthropic says the facility's focus is fundamental biology rather than drug discovery, where it partners with pharma customers including Novo Nordisk.

First Phase 2 results for eloraTZP - Lilly's once-weekly amylin drug eloralintide combined with tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) - in adults with obesity or overweight and type 2 diabetes, unveiled at an EASD symposium on amylin in Milan.

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet announces the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from Wallenbergsalen in the Nobel Forum, opening Nobel week. The announcement is broadcast live and the laureates are usually telephoned only minutes beforehand.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physics from its Session Hall at Frescati in Stockholm. The prize may be split between up to three laureates.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the 2026 Nobel Prize in Chemistry from its Session Hall at Frescati in Stockholm, a day after the physics prize.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, closing the 2026 announcement season. It is the only one of the six not established by Alfred Nobel's will.

The gravitational-wave detectors start a six-month intermediate observing run before the fifth observing run. Both LIGO detectors take part, Virgo joins despite possible maintenance interruptions, and KAGRA joins as it becomes available.

The first stage of Euclid Data Release 1 puts out all raw data and calibrated images, catalogues and spectra over about 1,900 square degrees of sky. The higher-level products for galaxy clustering and weak lensing follow in mid-2027.

ESA publishes the fourth Gaia data release, the mission's first principal release, covering the first 5.5 years of observations. It adds astrometric time series, an exoplanet list and the software to work with them.

A 13-nation collaboration near Lund, Sweden is finishing a roughly €3 billion (about $3.5 billion) neutron research facility built around one of the world's most powerful linear particle accelerators.

The SKA's low-frequency telescope in Western Australia reaches its AA2 array assembly in 2027, the stage at which science verification observations begin.

Rubin's Data Release 1, built from the first year of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, is expected about two years after the survey began on 29 June 2026.

ESO's 39-metre Extremely Large Telescope takes its first test observations from Cerro Armazones in March 2029, with scientific first light following in December 2030.

The SKA's mid-frequency array in South Africa's Karoo reaches AA2 in 2029, two years after its Australian counterpart, opening science verification observations.

An upgrade to increase the LHC's collision rate roughly tenfold, extending the search for rare processes into the 2040s. Estimated date.

A neutrino beam fired 1,300 km from Fermilab to detectors a mile underground in South Dakota, hunting for matter-antimatter asymmetry. Estimated date.

Brookhaven National Laboratory is building the Electron-Ion Collider inside its existing RHIC tunnel, a $1.7-2.8BN US physics megaproject to study the glue holding matter together.

ITER's 2024 baseline puts the start of research operations in 2034, opening a period of hydrogen and deuterium plasma experiments at the fusion reactor in southern France.