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Confeitaria Colombo opened in 1894 and fitted itself out like a Parisian tea room transplanted to the tropics - Belgian mirrors, Italian marble, a jacaranda counter and a stained-glass skylight over the hall. It became the meeting room of Rio's belle epoque and is now listed as heritage.

The café that became the meeting room of Catalan modernisme opened on 12 June 1897 in the Casa Martí, a Puig i Cadafalch building in the Gothic Quarter. It lasted only six years in its first run, but in them it hosted Picasso's first solo exhibition and the circle around Rusiñol and Casas - and he drew its menu card.

Marie and Pierre Curie announce radium to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, five days after isolating it from pitchblende ore mined at Jachymov. It is the second element they identify that year, after polonium.

The Paris Métro's first line opened to the public on 19 July 1900, running between Porte Maillot and Château de Vincennes.

A Category 4 hurricane drove a storm surge of over 15 ft across Galveston Island, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people. It remains the deadliest natural disaster in United States history.

The US Navy commissioned USS Holland (SS-1), designed by Irish-American engineer John Philip Holland, becoming the first submarine in an unbroken line of US Navy submarines.

The house that made xiaolongbao a Shanghai export was established in 1900, selling the thin-skinned soup dumplings that had been developed in Nanxiang town on the city's edge a couple of decades earlier. Queues for them became a fixture of the old city, and the name is now on branches across Shanghai and abroad.

Theatercaféen opened in 1900 across the street from Oslo's National Theatre and became the room where Norwegian actors, writers and politicians ate after curtain - a Viennese-style café with a gallery, caricatures of its regulars on the walls and live music from a balcony.

Orville Wright flew 120 feet in 12 seconds over the sand at Kill Devil Hills, the first sustained flight by a manned, powered, controlled heavier-than-air aircraft. The brothers flew four times that day; Wilbur’s fourth and last covered 852 feet in 59 seconds.

Swan Oyster Depot opened on Polk Street in 1903 and has run more or less continuously since, pausing only to rebuild after the 1906 earthquake. It is barely a restaurant - a marble counter with about eighteen stools, no tables, no kitchen to speak of - and has been run by the same family for generations, serving the same short list of cold shellfish.

The East Indian Railway brought its new Howrah terminus, designed by Halsey Ricardo, into service across the Hooghly from Kolkata, replacing the original 1854 station building. Its North Wing's six platforms were built to absorb traffic that had grown sharply since the Bengal-Nagpur Railway opened its Calcutta Extension Line into Howrah in 1900.

Adriano Telles opened A Brasileira in 1905 to sell Brazilian coffee by the sack, gave cups away to persuade Lisbon to drink it, and ended up with the café that the city's writers colonised. Fernando Pessoa sits in bronze at a table outside it.

A magnitude 7.9 rupture of the San Andreas Fault shook Northern California at 5:12 a.m. local time, and the fires that followed burned for days. More than 3,000 died and over 80% of the city was destroyed.

Wilhelm Maybach and his son Karl found Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH at Bissingen an der Enz, the airship-engine works that moved to Friedrichshafen in 1911-12 and grew into MTU, today the mega-diesel engine brand of Rolls-Royce Power Systems profiled in this documentary.

Monaco's Prince Albert I inaugurated the Oceanographic Museum, an institution he founded to house his marine research, after eleven years of construction into a cliff face above the Mediterranean. The museum, later directed by Jacques Cousteau, remains one of the world's foremost centres for oceanography.

On December 1, 1913, Ford Motor Company extended its moving line at the Highland Park plant to assemble a complete Model T chassis start to finish, cutting build time from over 12 hours to about 93 minutes.

Joe's opened on Miami Beach in 1913, before the causeway, and built itself around a shellfish nobody was eating: the stone crab, whose claws regrow, served chilled with mustard sauce. It closes for the summer when the season shuts and takes no reservations, which has not thinned the queue in a century.

Albert Einstein reads The Field Equations of Gravitation to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, giving general relativity its final form after an inconsistency with observation sent him back to the drawing board.

Arthur Eddington presents the results of the May 1919 eclipse expeditions to Principe and Sobral at a joint session of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society at Burlington House. The measured deflection of starlight matches Einstein's prediction, and the meeting accepts it.

Cadbury's first factory outside Britain officially opened at Claremont on Hobart's Derwent River on October 21, 1921, drawn by Tasmania's cheap hydroelectricity and reliable dairy supply. The site still turns local milk and sugar into millions of Easter eggs and bunnies each year.

Hulda Zumsteg took over the Kronenhalle in 1924 and ran it for half a century, taking paintings in part payment and hanging them where the diners sat - so the walls now carry Chagall, Miró, Picasso and Matisse above the tables where Joyce and Giacometti ate.

Charles Lindbergh flew the Ryan NYP from Roosevelt Airfield on Long Island to Le Bourget in Paris, 3,600 miles in 33 hours and 30 minutes, the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight. It won him the $25,000 Orteig Prize.

Reuben Schwartz opened his delicatessen on Saint-Laurent Boulevard on 31 December 1928, and it has smoked brisket the same way since - dry-cured with no nitrates, ten days in the cure, served hand-cut on rye. The queue outside the narrow room is a Montreal fixture.

Frank Gordy opened the Varsity in 1928 beside Georgia Tech, and it grew into what it still calls the world's largest drive-in - two blocks of car park, a counter shouting What'll ya have, and chili dogs, onion rings and Frosted Orange by the ton on a football Saturday.

Pat Olivieri's stand at Ninth and Passyunk began selling chopped beef on a roll in 1930, which is the origin story the cheesesteak is usually given. The corner now holds it and its rival Geno's on opposite sides of the street, both open around the clock.

Ford-Werke produced its first vehicle, a Model A-based truck, at the new Cologne-Niehl plant, the German headquarters Henry Ford himself helped establish with Mayor Konrad Adenauer the year before. The site grew into the mini-city-sized mega factory shown in this documentary.

A dust storm swept the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles on the afternoon of 14 April 1935, displacing an estimated 300,000 tons of topsoil. It reached Beaver around 4 p.m., Boise City at 5:15 and Amarillo at 7:20.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River, then the largest concrete structure ever built.

Alan Turing submits "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" to the London Mathematical Society. It defines the abstract machine that became the model for every computer built since, and proves the Entscheidungsproblem undecidable.

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, a mile-long suspension span across a notoriously treacherous strait, opened to the public with a Pedestrian Day that drew roughly 200,000 walkers.

The Savoy opened on 3 June 1937 on the top floor above the Esplanade, with an interior by Alvar and Aino Aalto - the room the Savoy Vase was designed for, and the one Mannerheim ate in often enough to leave his vorschmack on the menu permanently.

The Sphinx Observatory, a research station tunnelled into a 3,571-metre Alpine summit above the Jungfraujoch, was completed in 1937 as one of Europe's most remote scientific buildings.

Kellogg's inaugurates its Trafford Park factory in Manchester, the first Kellogg's plant built outside the United States. Built in ten months, it becomes the largest cereal factory in the British Empire.

Boeing's Model 314 Clipper flying boat made its 38-minute first flight over Puget Sound, piloted by test pilot Eddie Allen. The giant flying boat went on to open Pan Am's first non-stop transatlantic passenger service.

Aragvi opened on Tverskaya Street in 1938 and became the Georgian restaurant of Soviet Moscow - a table for the nomenklatura and their guests, said to have been founded under Beria's patronage, with frescoed cellars beneath the street. It has since closed.

Erich Warsitz flew the He 178 V1 for six minutes from Heinkel’s Marienehe factory airfield at Rostock, the first aircraft ever to fly on the thrust of a turbojet. The undercarriage would not retract and the landing was made by side-slipping.

Germany's 1,350-tonne Krupp-built railway gun Schwerer Gustav fired roughly 48 shells at the Soviet fortress city of Sevastopol in June 1942, its only combat use in the war. Trains as War Machines features the gun as an extreme case of rail warfare.

The International Military Tribunal read its judgment in Courtroom 600 of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice: nineteen of the twenty-two defendants were convicted, twelve were sentenced to death and three were acquitted. It was the first time the leaders of a state were tried by an international court for waging aggressive war and for crimes against humanity.

Captain Chuck Yeager, drop-launched from a B-29 over the Mojave Desert, took X-1 #46-062 "Glamorous Glennis" to Mach 1.06 – the first piloted aeroplane to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. It was XS-1 flight number 50.

Claude Shannon's paper appears in the Bell System Technical Journal, defining the bit, channel capacity and entropy, and founding information theory. Every modem, codec and error-correcting code since rests on it.

Bar Brahma opened in 1948 at the corner of São João and Ipiranga, the crossing Caetano Veloso later sang about, and became the bar where São Paulo's journalists, politicians and musicians drank in the same room. It closed once, reopened under another name, failed, and came back as Bar Brahma again.

Jack Durant opens his steakhouse on North Central Avenue in Phoenix; three-quarters of a century later its red flocked wallpaper and leather horseshoe booths are still the draw.

Peter Canlis opened his restaurant in 1950 on the slope above Lake Union, in a post-and-beam pavilion of glass and stone that became a landmark of north-west modernism, and it has stayed in the family. Its kimono-clad service and copper-fired charcoal grill were both unusual for an American dining room of the period.

BOAC’s G-ALYP took off from London for Johannesburg with fare-paying passengers, the first scheduled jetliner service in the world. Comet flights were about twice as fast as advanced piston airliners and cut London–Johannesburg to 21 hours 20 minutes.

Nature carries Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, the paper in which Francis Crick and James Watson describe the double helix. It runs to two pages and settles how genetic instructions are held and passed on.

A unanimous US Supreme Court held that state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white children violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment - "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" - partially overruling Plessy v. Ferguson and its separate-but-equal doctrine.

France's SNCF pushed two modified electric locomotives to a then-world rail speed record of 331 km/h (206 mph) on a test track near Facture on March 28-29, 1955. An Infrastructural Game Changer cites the run as the moment fast trains overtook cars and planes.

At Ann Arbor, Thomas Francis Jr announced the results of the largest medical field trial ever run - 1.8 million children - and pronounced Jonas Salk's polio vaccine safe, effective and potent. Church bells rang across the United States; within two years American cases had fallen by almost 90 per cent.

Walt Disney's $17 million theme park, built on former orange groves in Anaheim after a chaotic construction rush, opened to press and invited guests as Disneyland.

Yang Bing-yi founded Din Tai Fung in Taipei in 1958, first as a cooking-oil retailer and then as a dumpling house when the oil business failed. Its xiaolongbao, pleated to a standard count of folds, turned a single shop on Xinyi Road into a chain across Asia and the United States.