Pins matching tag:Paper

Alan Turing submits "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" to the London Mathematical Society. It defines the abstract machine that became the model for every computer built since, and proves the Entscheidungsproblem undecidable.

Claude Shannon's paper appears in the Bell System Technical Journal, defining the bit, channel capacity and entropy, and founding information theory. Every modem, codec and error-correcting code since rests on it.

Gordon Moore's four-page article in Electronics observes that the number of components per chip has been doubling yearly and projects it forward a decade. The observation becomes Moore's law and the semiconductor industry's roadmap.

Ted Codd's paper in Communications of the ACM proposes storing data as relations queried by predicate logic, independent of how it is laid out on disk. It is the founding document of the relational database and of SQL.

Fischer Black and Myron Scholes give a closed-form price for a European option in the Journal of Political Economy, in the same year the Chicago Board Options Exchange opens. The formula becomes the language of the derivatives market.

Georges Köhler and César Milstein report in Nature that fusing an antibody-producing cell with a myeloma cell yields a line that secretes a single antibody indefinitely. Monoclonal antibodies become the basis of the modern biologics industry.

Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman propose public-key cryptography and a way for two parties to agree a secret key over an open channel. It is the idea that later makes e-commerce and secure messaging possible.

Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page present Google, a search-engine prototype that ranks pages by the link structure of the web rather than by page text alone. The paper describes PageRank and a prototype indexing 24 million pages.

A paper titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, signed Satoshi Nakamoto, is posted to a cryptography mailing list. It describes a chain of proof-of-work timestamps that lets strangers transact without a trusted third party.

Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey Hinton submit a deep convolutional network to the ImageNet challenge as team SuperVision and win by a wide margin. The result turns GPU deep learning from a niche into an industry.

Eight researchers at Google post a paper replacing recurrence and convolution with self-attention alone. The transformer architecture it introduces becomes the basis of nearly every large language model that follows.

Nature publishes Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold, alongside open-source code and a database of predicted proteomes. Protein structure prediction stops being a bottleneck for drug discovery.